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                                                                                                       TITLE PAGE

                                      CAPITAL BUDGETING IN A PRIVATE SECTOR (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1. Problem statement                                              2
2. Hypothesis                                                                   6
3. Limitations of study                                            8
4. Significance of study                                           9
5. Definition of terms                                              12     

CHAPTER TWO

         Literature review

1. Ranking investment proposal                                       14
2. Post auditing of the investment decision             17
3. Analysis of capital projects                                 19
4. Capital rationing                                                          35

CHAPTER THREE

         Research methodology and designation

1. Sources of data                                                   55

CHAPTER FOUR

          Case study and analysis of data and presentation

1. Profile of Diamond breweries limited                            61
2. Organisational structure with special –

CHAPTER FIVE

          Summary of findings, recommendation and conclusion

1. Summary of findings                                            75
2. Recommendations                                                78
3. Conclusion                                                           80

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                          81

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS                                 83

 APPENDIX                                                        

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

          Every business firm normally will like to know how it performed over a period of times, thus leading to the preparation of profit and loss statement. They also ask about their position at a particular point in time which leads them to prepare balance sheet. Finally, they will like to know where they are heading, which has led to the preparation of budgets.

          Budget is term used locally by a lay man. Lay man confuse budgeting with planning. A budget is part of a plan. A plan can be expressed in monetary and non-monetary term. Any plan that is qualified in monetary term is a budget. A budget, therefore, can be succulently defined as a statement of intention qualified in monetary term.

          In budgeting there are types of budget prepared by firms. Such budgets includes capital budgets, cash budgets, sales budget and so on.     

          The process of preparing capital budget is called capital budgeting. Capital budgets are long term budgets made for acquisition and expansion of fixed assets. Capital budgets are prepared by many films today. It was originated in the United States of America (USA). In America it was applied by firms before the second world war.

          After the second world war many firms saw the need to plan for capital expenditure, hence it is prevalence today.

          Nigerian breweries limited, Monarch larger beer and other beverages, are not left out in the train of firms which prepare budgets for its capital expenditure. this is, however, not easy as it is fraught with a lot of problems.

1. PROBLEMS STATEMENT

The main purpose of setting up a private firm is to achieve enough sales revenue that will cover fixed and variable costs as well as leave out enough profit to justify its existence.

Nigerian breweries limited being a private enterprise involved in brewing beer has the objective of making huge profits.

Brewers all over Nigeria witness heavy returns on their investments due to export of their products to neighboring African countries as well as the high consumption rte of beer in the country. This was before the year 1982.

The introduction of many stringent economic measures after the year 1982, aimed at revamping the nations ailing economy, brought with its many problems of which the brewing industry is not left out.

In order to produce, firms in the breweries industry (including Nigerian breweries limited) acquires fixed assets as well as raw materials.

These acquisitions are based one expect demand. The demand for beer cannot now be fairly estimated because of the general rise in prices. General rise has made consumers of beer shift their demand to other goods of necessity thus leading to decrease in demand for beer. The uncertainly surrounding the continuance and rate of which demand for beer decrease has become one of the problems encountered in capital budgeting, especially by Nigerian breweries limited, since capacity to produce is always affected by changes in demand.

Apart from capital budgeting problems caused by uncertainty in demands there is also the problem of tariff or import restrictions on the importation of fixed assets and spare parts. This singular problem has helped in no small measure in fuelling the amber of problems encountered by these firms. It has made firms like Nigerian breweries limited search for alternative sources of obtaining fixed assets necessary for its production operations. Even when these fixed assets are source, there is often an increase in the price paid for them as a result of import tariffs or restrictions. The uncertainly surrounding this has made it a capital budgeting problem.             

Increase in price of fixed assets as a result of import restrictions and the small nature of the financial capability have made firms like Nigerian breweries limited to rank the projects they wish to embark upon. There is always the problems of appropriate method of selection that will be peculiar to a given project. Also encountered in the selection of projects is human problem in the organisation which is a function of the state of mind of the individual in charge of the capital budgeting. 

Because of the small nature of its financial ability Nigerian breweries limited look for external means of financing its capital projects. These external sources of finance include commercial banks, trade creditors and some financial institutions. Banks and other financial institutions charge interest on the money they lend out. interest charges are based on negotiations or what prevails in the banking industry as directed by the Central Bank of Nigeria. interest charges fluctuates widely with the economic condition. Due to the dynamic nature of the economy and consequent effect on interest rate, it is a problem making cost benefit analysis necessary in capital budgeting.

Even when the above problems are solved to a great extent, there remains the problem of obtaining foreign exchange necessary to remit to exporters exchange rates are never stable. The uncertainty include in this makes it a problem in capital budgeting.

These problems were what gave rise to the research objectives.  

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study were to find out the following:-

1. Factors responsible for the demand for beer and the effect demand has on capital budgeting, other operations of the company and its existence.
2. The capital budgeting process in Nigerian breweries limited
3. Why external sources of finance is used instead of floating stock of shares given its financial constraints and high interest rate on external financing.     
4. Ways in which purchased capital assets are paid for (example, through letters of credit, documentary bills for collection, open transfers etc).
5. The effects delaying arrival of ordered assets or pays for them have on the production of beer.
6. The effects over or under – investment have on the firm.
7. How they forecast sales or demand given its fluctuation as a result of general rise in prices.

In connection with the above objectives was the necessity to formulate hypothesis.

1.4     HYPOTHESIS

The following hypothesis were formulated with respect to this study. In other words the following were tested.

i)       Fluctuations in demand has no effect on capital budgeting and other operations of the firm. 

ii)      There are no problems in the capital budgeting of Nigeria breweries limited.

iii)     The company does not seek floatation of stock in the stock exchange because it does not want external in both its operations and management.

iv)     There is no problem encountered so far as the method used for payment of capital assets purchased.

v)      Delays in arrival of ordered fixed assets have no effect on the production of beer.       

vi)     Over-or under-investment in fixed assets has little or no effect on the financial position of the company.

These hypothesis were what the researcher examined in the course of this investigation of capital budgeting in Nigeria breweries limited.

Academic enquiry on capital budgeting is not without limitati

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