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PREVALENCE OF BACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS AMONG CHILDREN AGED 0 – 15 YEARS (A CASE STUDY OF UNTH)

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION                                              1

1.1   AIMS OF THE STUDY                                      3

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM                     3

1.3   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                       4     

1.4   LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY                          5

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1   MEANING OF GASTROENTERITIS TYPES

AND CAUSATIVE AGENTS                               6

2.2   GENERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS                 15

2.3   SOURCES OF INFECTION                                       16

2.4   POPULATION AT RISK                                     18

2.5   PREVENTIVE MEASURES                                       18

2.6    TREATMENT                                                   19

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0   MATERIALS AND METHODS                         22

3.1   MATERIALS                                                     22   

3.2   METHODS                                                       22

3.2.1 STERILIZATION                                              22

3.2.2 COLLECTION OF SAMPLES                            22

3.2.3 PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA              23

3.2.4 PREPARATION OF SAMPLES                          23

3.2.5 LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE            23

3.2.6 BACTERIAL COUNTING                                  25

3.2.7 GRAM STAINING AND MICROSCOPIC WORK 25

3.2.8 BIOCHEMICAL TEST FOR IDENTIFICATION

OF ISOLATES                                                  26

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   RESULTS                                                        32

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0   DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATION                              38   

5.1   DISCUSSION                                                   38

5.2   CONCLUSION                                                  39

5.3   RECOMMENDATION                                               40

       

        REFERENCES                                                 41

        APPENDIX I                                                     45

        APPENDIX II                                                    48

LIST OF TABLES

 

Table 1:    Age distribution of samples collected,

positive and negative cases                      32   

Table 2:    Distribution of samples collected,

positive and negative cases with

their percentage distribution                   33   

Table 3:    Age distribution, Number and

Percentage of each organisms isolated

across both sexes                                    34

Table 4:    Age distribution of Number of Bacteria

isolated and their percentages                 35

Table 5:    Cultural characteristics and Gram

reaction of the isolates                             36

Table 6:    Biochemical test on the isolate                        37

 

ABSTRACT

 

After bacterial gastroenteritis was conducted using blood agar, MacConkey agar and nutrient agar, the following microorganisms were isolated Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Streptococcus fecealis. Highest mean value is Escherichia coli (50%) followed by Salmonella typhi (30%), next were Klebsiella pneumonia (23%) and Pseudomonas aeroginosa (23%); least to be isolated is Streptococcus fecealis (8%). The age range mostly affected is between 4-7 years. Therefore hygienic practices should be observed by parents and children.

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

Mark and Martin (2002), explain that gastroenteritis also known as gastric flu, stomach flue, stomach virus although unrelated to influenza. The further state that its marked by severe inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach and small intestine resulting in acute diarrhea and vomiting.

 

They continue to point out that it can be transferred by contact with contaminated food and water. Inflammation is caused most often by an infection from certain viruses or less often bacterial, their toxins parasites or an adverse reaction to something in the diet or medication. Risk factors include consumption of improperly prepared foods, reheated meat dishes, seafood, diary and bakery products. Each organisms causes slightly different symptoms but all result in diarrhea (Patel et al., 2009). They further state that bacterial like

Shigella and Camphylobacter and parasites like Giardia can be treated with antibiotics.

      Haffejee (1991), points out that viruses causing gastroenteritis include rotavirus, norovirus, adenovisus and astrovitrus. Viruses do not respond to antibiotics and infected children usually make a fully recovery after a few days. Rotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children.

 

Gerald et al. (2004), explain that the symptoms and signs include vomiting, diarrhea and sometimes fever may be present. In more severe cases, signs of dehydration may appear.

 

Alhashimi et al. (2009), state that the main contributing factors include poor feeding in infants. Diarrhea is common followed by vomiting. In some cases when the stomach is empty, bile can be vomiting up. Different species of pathogenic bacteria can cause gastroenteritis including Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococus, Camphylobacter jejuni, Clostridium, Echerichia coli, Yersinia, Vibrio Cholera and others.

 

1.1   AIMS OF THE STUDY

1. To determine the prevalence of bacterial gastroenteritis among children aged 0-15 years
2. To determine the bacterial types involved
3. To determine the age-range mostly affected
4. To determine the bacterial load in the children sampled

 

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Alhashimi et al. (2009), explain that gastroenteritis can be caused by different species of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigela, Staphylococus, Camphylobacter jejuni, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Yersinia, Vibrio cholera and others.

 

This statement had prompted the need for a project work to be carried out on prevalence of bacterial gastroenteritis among children aged 0-15 years.

 

1.3   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results of this project would reveal the prevalence of bacterial gastroenteritis among children. The results would equally reveal if the bacterial load in children sampled was high or low. The results would further reveal if the bacterial types were pathogenic or not. If the bacterial load was